	LDA is a strong base. It removes the acidic H on the alpha carbon. The resulting enolate anion acts as a nucleophile in an S_N2 reaction with bromoethane.
	This is an aldol condensation. The alpha carbon of one aldehyde molecule loses a proton and acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of a second aldehyde molecule. Because vigorous conditions are used, a double bond is formed between the alpha carbon and the carbonyl carbon.
	This is a malonic ester synthesis. First, the base (sodium ethoxide) removes the acidic H on the C between the two carbonyl groups. Then this enolate nucleophile substitutes for the Br in an S_N2 reaction. The second set of reactions hydrolyzes the ester groups, protonates the resulting carboxylate anions, and causes one carboxylate group to be eliminated as CO₂.
	This is a mixed aldol condensation. The nucleophilic enolate anion is formed on the alpha C of cyclohexanone attacks the electrophilic carbonyl C of benzaldehyde.
	This is an ester condensation. The enolate anion from one ester molecule substitutes for the OEt group of another ester molecule.

	The strong base (butyllithium) removes the acidic H on the C bonded to the two sulfurs. This anion substitutes for the Br in an S_N2 reaction. Step 3 hydrolyzes the two C-S bonds to a carbonyl group.
	The first step is a mixed ester condensation. The enolate nucleophile formed at the alpha C of cyclopentanone attacks the carbonyl C of the ester. In the second step, the enolate ion formed on the C between the two carbonyl groups does an S_N2 substitution on methyl iodide, replacing the I.
	This is a Michael reaction. The most acidic H, on the C between the two carbonyl groups, is removed by the base. The resulting enolate anion, attacks the beta C of the Michael acceptor.
	Thionyl chloride converts the carboxylic acid to the acyl chloride. This reacts with ammonia to produce the amide.

		Esters plus Grignard reagents give tertiary alcohols with two alkyl groups derived from the Grignard.
	Reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of acid forms an ester (Fischer esterification).
	LiAlH₄ adds two Hs to an ester to produce a primary alcohol.
	This hindered hydride reagent adds only one H to an acyl chloride to produce an aldehyde as the product.
	The reaction of an alcohol and an anhydride forms an ester.
	A diorganocuprate reagent adds one alkyl group to an acyl chloride to produce a ketone.
	This is ester saponification. The ester is hydrolyzed to the alcohol and the conjugate base of the acid.