Three Dimensional Structures

    Organic chemistry is a three-dimensional science. The shape of a molecules helps determine both its physical and chemical properties. Therefore it is very important to be able to visualize the three-dimensional shapes of the molecules shown in the text, even though they are drawn on a two-dimensional sheet of paper. Most beginning students have some difficulty with this aspect of organic chemistry. It is best to start by building real models of some of the molecules with a model set. After some work with models, it is easier to see them in three dimensions on paper. There are pictures of three-dimensional models of many molecules in the text, but, even after working with a model set,  is it often still difficult to actually visualize these molecules in three dimensions. Computers can be of great assistance with this task. A computer-generated model can be turned and viewed from a variety of perspectives, which makes the visualization of the three-dimensional structure of the molecule much easier.

    Models of all of the molecules in the text for which a three-dimensional view is important are available here. These models are colored the same as the pictures in the text, so you can readily identify the structures. You can rotate the model using your mouse by holding down the left button. By clicking the right mouse button, you can access a menu to change the display style. Click on DISPLAY and then choose the type of model that you want. You can also enlarge or shrink a structure by using the mouse and the shift key.

    The models are arranged according to the chapter in which they appear. Click on the links below to access the models available for each chapter.

Chapter 1 - A Simple Model for Chemical Bonds

Chapter 2 - Organic Compounds: A first Look

Chapter 3 - Orbitals and Bonding

Chapter 4 - Proton Transfer: A Simple Reaction

Chapter 5 - Functional Groups and Nomenclature I

Chapter 6 - Stereochemistry

Chapter 7 - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Chapter 8 - Elimination Reactions

Chapter 9 - Synthetic Uses of Substitution and Elimination Reactions

Chapter 10 - Additions to Carbon-Carbon Double and Triple Bonds

Chapter 11 - Functional Groups and Nomenclature II

Chapter 12 - Structure Determination by Spectroscopy I: Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Chapter 13 - Structure Determination by Spectroscopy II: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Chapter 14 - Additions to the Carbonyl Group

Chapter 15 - Substitutions at the Carbonyl Group

Chapter 16 - Enolate and Other Carbon Nucleophiles

Chapter 17 - Benzene and Aromatic Compounds

Chapter 18 - Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Chapter 19 - The Chemistry of Radicals

Chapter 20 - Pericyclic Reactions

Chapter 21 - The Synthesis of Organic Compounds

Chapter 23 - Synthetic Polymers

Chapter 24 - Carbohydrates

Chapter 25 - Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

Chapter 26 - Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Chapter 27 - Other Natural Products